Pricing strategies
Concept of Pricing, Pricing Objectives ,Concept of Pricing Strategies, Different Pricing Strategies , Pricing Methods: Cost Based pricing method , Value Based pricing method, Market Based pricing method.
Pricing refers to the process of determining the value that a company will receive in exchange for its product or service. It is one of the most important elements of the marketing mix (4Ps – Product, Price, Place, Promotion) and directly affects the company’s revenue and profitability.
It involves analyzing internal costs, competitor prices, customer demand, and overall market trends to set a price that achieves the firm’s strategic goals.
2. Pricing Objectives
Pricing objectives are the goals that a company aims to achieve through its pricing decisions. These objectives guide the selection of appropriate pricing strategies.
a) Profit Maximization
- Goal: To set a price that yields the highest possible profit.
- A luxury car company like BMW sets higher prices to maximize profit on each car sold.
b) Sales Volume Maximization
- Goal: To sell as many units as possible, even at lower margins.
- Fast-moving consumer goods like Coca-Cola aim to increase volume through competitive pricing.
c) Market Penetration
- Goal: Enter the market with a low price to attract customers quickly.
- Jio launched with very low prices in India to quickly gain market share.
d) Market Skimming
- Goal: Set a high price initially and lower it over time.
- Apple introduces iPhones at a premium price, reducing them gradually as newer models come.
e) Competitive Pricing
- Goal: Match or beat competitor prices to stay in the game.
- Flipkart and Amazon price their electronics similarly during sales.
f) Survival
- Goal: Keep the business running during downturns, even with little to no profit.
- Airlines may reduce prices drastically during low travel seasons.
g) Product Quality Leadership
- Goal: Set a price that reflects premium quality and justifies brand positioning.
- Rolex watches are priced high to reflect craftsmanship and exclusivity.
3. Pricing Strategies
Pricing strategies refer to structured approaches used by businesses to price their products or services. A pricing strategy considers costs, demand, competition, customer perception, and business goals. It helps businesses attract customers, sustain profitability, and adapt to market changes.
4. Different Pricing Strategies
a) Penetration Pricing
Setting a low initial price for a new product to attract a large number of buyers quickly and gain a large market share. The goal is to rapidly penetrate the market, discourage competitors, and benefit from economies of scale.
- Low price initially to enter the market and gain share.
- Netflix offering free trial or low subscription rates initially.
b) Skimming Pricing
Setting a high initial price for a new product to "skim" maximum revenues layer by layer from segments willing to pay the high price. As demand from the high-end segment decreases, the price is gradually lowered to attract more price-sensitive customers. This is often used for innovative products with little competition.
- High initial price to target early adopters, then reduce gradually.
- Sony PlayStation consoles launch at premium prices, then lower over time.
c) Competitive Pricing
Setting prices primarily based on competitors' prices, rather than on costs or demand. A company might price its products at, above, or below competitors' prices depending on its differentiation and market position.
- Set prices based on what competitors are charging.
- Samsung prices its smartphones close to Apple to remain competitive.
d) Psychological Pricing
- Setting prices to influence customer perception (e.g., ₹99 instead of ₹100).
- Big Bazaar using ₹499 instead of ₹500.
e) Premium Pricing
- High price to indicate superior quality or luxury.
- Louis Vuitton bags are priced high to reflect status.
f) Bundle Pricing
- Selling a group of products at a lower combined price.
- McDonald’s combo meals offer better value than items purchased separately.
g) Seasonal Pricing
- Prices change according to season or demand.
- Hotels in Goa are more expensive during peak tourist season.
5. Pricing Methods
a) Cost-Based Pricing Method
The price is set by adding a fixed percentage (profit margin) to the cost of producing the product.
Example with Figures (Wai Wai Noodles):
- Cost to produce one packet of Wai Wai: ₹15
- Desired profit margin: 33%
- Selling Price = ₹15 + (33% of ₹15) = ₹15 + ₹5 = ₹20
Advantages:
- Simple and easy to calculate
- Ensures that costs are covered
- Useful when demand is difficult to predict
- Provides a consistent profit margin
b) Value-Based Pricing Method
Setting prices based on the perceived value of the product or service to the customer, rather than on the seller's cost. This requires understanding customer benefits, desired outcomes, and willingness to pay.
Pricing based on the perceived value to the customer rather than the cost.
Example with Mobile Phone:
- A brand like Apple prices its iPhones not based solely on cost but on brand value, user experience, design, and innovation.
- Even if the cost to produce an iPhone is ₹60,000, it may be sold at ₹1,90,000 because of the value customers associate with it.
Advantages:
- Higher customer satisfaction as price reflects value
- Can command premium pricing
- Aligns with brand positioning
- Encourages innovation and product differentiation
c) Market-Based Pricing Method
This method involves setting prices primarily based on competitive activity and the prevailing market rates for similar products or services. It pays close attention to what competitors are charging and adjusts prices to be competitive, often aiming to match, slightly undercut, or slightly exceed competitors' prices based on differentiation.
Prices are set based on competitor pricing and prevailing market rates.
Example with Shoes:
- A new shoe brand entering the market sees that Nike and Adidas sell running shoes for ₹4,000–₹6,000.
- To remain competitive, they may set their price at ₹3,500 to attract budget-conscious customers.
Advantages:
- Helps in staying competitive
- Easy for customers to compare
- Suitable for markets with price-sensitive customers
- Reduces risk of pricing too high or too low
1. Pricing Objectives (With Case Studies)
a) Profit Maximization vs. Market Share Leadership
- Profit Maximization (Rolex):
- Charges $10,000+ for watches despite production costs of ~$1,000.
- Brand prestige allows high margins.
- Market Share Leadership (Xiaomi):
- Sells smartphones at 5-10% profit margins (vs. Apple’s 40%).
- Result: Captured #1 market share in India by volume.
b) Survival Pricing (COVID-19 Example)
- Airlines (IndiGo/SpiceJet):
- Slashed ticket prices by 60-70% (Delhi-Mumbai for ₹2,999 vs. pre-COVID ₹8,000).
- Goal: Generate cash flow to avoid bankruptcy.
2. Pricing Strategies
a) Penetration Pricing vs. Skimming Pricing
Aspect | Penetration Pricing (Netflix) | Skimming Pricing (PlayStation 5) |
Initial Price | Low ($7.99/month in 2010) | High ($499 at launch) |
Goal | Attract mass customers | Maximize profit from early adopters |
Risk | Low profitability initially | Alienates price-sensitive buyers |
b) Psychological Pricing in Action
- ₹999 vs. ₹1000:
- Decoy Effect: A ₹1,200 shirt seems "cheap" next to a ₹1,500 "original price".
- Example: Zara labels a dress at ₹3,990 (not ₹4,000) to exploit left-digit bias.
3. Pricing Methods
a) Cost-Based Pricing (Wai Wai Noodles)
Cost Component | Amount (₹) |
Raw Materials | 8 |
Labor | 2 |
Overheads | 2 |
Total Cost | 12 |
Markup (66.67%) | 8 |
Selling Price | 20 |
b) Value-Based Pricing (iPhone)
- Production Cost: ₹90,000
- Perceived Value: ₹157,500 (due to iOS, camera, brand loyalty).
- Key Insight: Apple’s profit margin (~75%) is possible because customers compare iPhones to luxury goods, not just smartphones.
c) Market-Based Pricing (Nike vs. Adidas)
- Nike Air Force 1: ₹7,995
- Adidas Superstar: ₹7,999
- Both monitor each other’s prices daily and adjust to stay competitive.
4. Real-World Case Studies
a) Tesla’s Dynamic Pricing
- Changes prices weekly based on demand algorithms.
- Model Y price dropped $13,000 in 2023 to boost sales.
b) Zara’s Premium + Psychological Pricing
- Prices dresses at ₹5,990 (not ₹6,000) but still higher than H&M.
- Combines luxury perception with subtle discounts.
c) Xiaomi’s Penetration Pricing
- Sold Redmi Note at ₹12,999 (50% cheaper than Samsung).
- Became India’s #1 smartphone brand in 3 years.
Key Findings
- Cost-Based Pricing = Safe but ignores competition.
- Value-Based Pricing = Best for luxury/innovative products.
- Market-Based Pricing = Essential in crowded markets
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